Eng

English.

= UNIT 3, UNIT 4 =

Egzamin - 2014.01.05 (grupa D)

Relative clauses - non-defining relative clauses

 * wstęp: http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/grammar-reference/relative-clauses-non-defining-relative-clauses
 * dokładniej: http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/relative.htm

Non-defining relative clauses:
 * My grandfather, who is 87, goes swimming every day.
 * The film, which stars Tom Carter, is released on Friday.
 * My eldest son, whose work takes him all over the world, is in Hong Kong at the moment.
 * The car, which can reach speeds of over 300km/ph, costs over $500,000.

Defining relative clauses are used to add important information. The sentence would have a different meaning without the defining relative clause:
 * I’m going to wear the skirt that I bought in London. The defining relative clause tells us which skirt.
 * The skirt, which is a lovely dark blue colour, only cost £10. The non-defining relative clause doesn’t tell us which skirt – it gives us more information about the skirt.

Relative clauses are clauses starting with the relative pronouns who, that, which, whose, where, when: Do you know the girl who started in grade 7 last week? Can I have the pencil that I gave you this morning? A notebook is a computer which can be carried around. I won't eat in a restaurant whose cooks smoke. I want to live in a place where there is lots to do. Yesterday was a day when everything went wrong!


 * a person	who(m)/that, whose
 * a thing	which/that, whose

(There is a relative pronoun whom, which can be used as the object of the relative clause. For example: My science teacher is a person whom I like very much.)

Note 1: Relative clauses which give extra information, as in the example sentences above, must be separated off by commas.

Note 2: The relative pronoun that cannot be used to introduce an extra-information (non-defining) clause about a person. Wrong: Neil Armstrong, that was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon. Correct: Neil Armstrong, who was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon.

Comparatives and Superlatives (Stopniowanie)

 * http://www.ang.pl/gramatyka/czesci_mowy/przymiotnik_adjectives/stopniowanie
 * http://www.easyenglish.com/lesson.asp?best.txt

hard harder the hardest by far the hardest

... is not as (difficult) as ...

Trends
to increase | an increase to decline | a decline to grew | a growth

Foo had increased sharply. ... sharply ... dramatically .. steadily ... gradually

Sales increased sharply. There was an sharp increase in sales.

rise / rose / risen (verb 3 forms). Present perfect: ___ has increased.

Less ... (niepoliczalne) | Fewer ... (policzalne) Less water | Fewer cars.

Present continues = something changes now (or future if arranged).

Economy
Household expenditure | Life expectancy Dependant child. Disposable money. | Dispose of something.

Negotiation
My advice would be... If I where you... How about... Have you thought... Why don't we... I think you should... I would suggest...

Times

 * http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-pasper
 * http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/pastperfect.html


 * Past simple: regular: +ed (I worked) | irregular: 2nd form (I spoke)
 * Present perfect: regular: have/has + ed (I have worked) | irregular: have/has + 3rd (I have spoken)
 * Past perfect: regular: had + ed (I had worked) | irregular: had + 3rd (I had spoken)

We use Simple Past if we give past events in the order in which they occured. However, when we look back from a certain time in the past to tell what had happened before, we use Past Perfect.